On June 16, 1992, London’s Daily Telegraph reported this astonishingly bold remark by former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev: “Jesus was the first socialist, the first to seek a better life for mankind.”1 
Perhaps we should cut Gorbachev some slack here. A man who climbed his way to the top of a stridently atheist empire with a sorry track record on human rights was probably not a Bible scholar. But surely he knew that if socialism is nothing more than the seeking of “a better life for mankind,” then Jesus could hardly have been its first advocate; he would, in fact, be just one of several billion of them. 
You don’t have to be a Christian to appreciate the errors in the Gorbachev canard. You can be a person of any faith or no faith at all. You just have to appreciate facts, history, and logic. You can even be a socialist—but one with open eyes—and realize that Jesus wasn’t in your camp. 
Let’s first define the term socialism, which the Gorbachev comment only obfuscates. 
Socialism isn’t happy thoughts, nebulous fantasies, mere good intentions, or children sharing their Halloween candy with one another. In a modern political, economic, and social context, socialism isn’t voluntary like the Girl Scouts. Its central characteristic is the concentration of power to forcibly achieve one or more (or usually all) of these purposes: central planning of the economy, government ownership of
 1. London Daily Telegraph, June 16, 1992. 
property, and the redistribution of wealth. No amount of “we do it all for you” or “it’s for your own good” or “we’re helping people” rhetoric can erase that. 
What makes socialism socialism is the fact that you can’t opt out, a point eloquently made here by David Boaz of the Cato Institute: 
“One difference between libertarianism [a personal choice and liberty-based system] and socialism is that a socialist society can’t tolerate groups of people practicing freedom, but a libertarian society can comfortably allow people to choose voluntary socialism. 
If a group of people—even a very large group—wanted to purchase land and own it in common, they would be free to do so. The libertarian legal order would require only that no one be coerced into joining or giving up his property.”  2 
Government, whether big or small, is the only entity in society that possesses a legal monopoly over the use of force. The more force it initiates against people, the more it subordinates the choices of the ruled to the whims of their rulers—that is, the more socialist it becomes. A reader may object to this description by insisting that to “socialize” something is to simply “share” it and “help people” in the process, but that’s baby talk. It’s how you do it that defines the system. Do it through the use of force, and it’s socialism. Do it through persuasion, free will, and respect for property rights, and it’s something else entirely. 
So was Jesus really a socialist? More to the main focus of this essay, did he call for the state to redistribute income to either punish the rich or to help the poor? 
I first heard “Jesus was a socialist” and “Jesus  was a redistributionist” some forty years ago. I was puzzled. I had always  understood Jesus’s message to be that the most important decision a person would  make in his earthly lifetime was to accept or reject him as savior. That  decision was clearly to be a very personal one—an individual and voluntary  choice. He 
2. David Boaz, “The Coming Libertarian Age,” Cato Policy Report  (Jan.–Feb. 1997). 
constantly stressed inner, spiritual renewal as far more  critical to well-being than material things. I wondered, “How could the same  Jesus advocate the use of force to take stuff from some and give it to others?”  I just couldn’t imagine him supporting a fine or a jail sentence for people who  don’t want to fork over their money for food-stamp programs. 
“Wait a minute!”  you say. “Didn’t Jesus answer, Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and unto God the things that are God’s when the Pharisees tried to trick him  into denouncing a Roman-imposed tax?” Yes indeed, he did say that. It’s found first in the Gospel of Matthew, 22:15–22, and later in the Gospel of Mark,  12:13–17. But notice that everything depends on just what truly did belong to  Caesar and what didn’t, which is actually a rather powerful endorsement of  property rights. Jesus said nothing like “It belongs to Caesar if Caesar simply  says it does, no matter how much he wants, how he gets it, or how he chooses to spend it.” 
The fact is, one can scour the Scriptures with a fine-tooth comb and  find nary a word from Jesus that endorses the forcible redistribution of wealth  by political authorities. None, period. 
“But didn’t Jesus say he came to uphold  the law?” you ask. Yes, in Matthew 5:17–20 he declares, “Do not think that I  have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them  but to fulfill them.”3 In Luke 24:44, he clarifies this when he says,  “Everything must be fulfilled that is written about me in the Law of Moses, the Prophets and the Psalms.” He was not saying, “Whatever laws the government  passes, I’m all for.” He was speaking specifically of the Mosaic law (primarily  the Ten Commandments) and the prophecies of his own coming. 
Consider the eighth  of the Ten Commandments: “You shall not steal.” Note the period after the word  “steal.” This admonition does not read, “You shall not steal unless the other  guy has more than you do” or “You shall not steal unless you’re absolutely positive you can spend it better than the guy who earned it.” Nor does it say,  “You shall not steal, but it’s OK to hire someone else, 
3. All Bible citations  are from the New International Version (NIV).
like a politician, to do it for  you.” 
In case people were still tempted to steal, the tenth commandment is aimed  at nipping in the bud one of the principal motives for stealing (and for  redistribution): “You shall not covet.” In other words, if it’s not yours, keep  your fingers off of it. 
In Luke 12:13–15, Jesus is confronted with a  redistribution request. A man with a grievance approaches him and demands,  “Teacher, tell my brother to divide the inheritance with me.” Jesus replies  thusly: “Man, who appointed me a judge or an arbiter between you? Watch out! Be  on your guard against all kinds of greed; life does not consist in an abundance  of possessions” (emphasis added). Wow! He could have equalized the wealth between two men with a wave of his hand, but he chose to denounce envy instead. 
“What about the story of the Good Samaritan? Doesn’t that make a case for  government welfare programs or redistribution?” you inquire. The answer is an emphatic “No!” Consider the details of the story, as recorded in Luke 10:29–37:  A traveler comes upon a man at the side of a road. The man had been beaten and  robbed and left half-dead. What did the traveler do? He helped the man himself,  on the spot, with his own resources. He did not say, “Write a letter to the  emperor” or “Go see your social worker” and walk on. If he had done that, he  would more likely be known today as the “Good-for-nothing Samaritan”—if he were  remembered at all. 
The Good Samaritan story makes a case for helping a needy  person voluntarily out of love and compassion. There’s no suggestion that the  Samaritan “owed” anything to the man in need or that it was the duty of a  distant politician to help out with other people’s money.
Moreover, Jesus never  called for equality of material wealth, “ Jesus never called for equality of  material wealth, let alone the use of political force to accomplish it, even in  situations of dire need. let alone the use of political force to accomplish it,  even in situations of dire need. In his book, Biblical Economics, theologian R.  C. Sproul Jr. notes that Jesus “wants the poor to be helped” but not at  gunpoint, which is essentially what government force is all about: 
“I am  convinced that political and economic policies involving the forced  redistribution of wealth via government intervention are neither right nor safe.  Such policies are both unethical and ineffective…. On the surface it would seem  that socialists are on God’s side. Unfortunately, their programs and their means  foster greater poverty even though their hearts remain loyal to eliminating  poverty. The tragic fallacy that invades socialist thinking is that there is a  necessary, causal connection between the wealth of the wealthy and the poverty  of the poor. Socialists assume that one man’s wealth is based on another man’s  poverty; therefore, to stop poverty and help the poor man, we must have  socialism.” 4
To Sproul’s comment I would add this addendum: sometimes a person  becomes wealthy wholly or in part because of his political connections. He  secures special favors or subsidies from government, or uses government to  disable his competitors. No consistently logical thinker who favors liberty and  property rights, whether he’s Christian or not, supports such practices. They  are forms of theft, and their source is political power—the very debilitating  thing that progressives and socialists advocate more of.
Legitimate wealth is  derived voluntarily. It comes from the creation of value and mutually  beneficial, voluntary exchange. It does not spring from political power that  redistributes in reverse, taking from the poor and giving to the rich. Economic entrepreneurs are a boon to society; political entrepreneurs are another animal  entirely. We all benefit when a Steve Jobs invents 
4. R. C. Sproul, Jr. ,  Biblical Economics: A Commonsense Guide to Our Daily Bread (Bristol, TN: Draught  Horse Press, 2002), p. 138.
 an iPhone; but when the Cowboy Poetry Festival in  Nevada gets a federal grant because of Senator Harry Reid, or when Goldman Sachs  gets a taxpayer bailout, millions get hurt and must pay for it.
Socialists and  their progressive brethren are fond of citing the occasion (found in Matthew  21:12–13) of Jesus driving the “moneychangers” from the Temple in Jerusalem. Out  of context, it would appear he didn’t approve of capitalist buying and selling. But note the location where this incident occurred. It was in the holiest of  places, a place of worship. It was God’s house. Those who were using it for a  totally different purpose were defiling it. Jesus’s admonition was not to stop  buying and selling—which would flout many other things he said elsewhere in the  scriptures. It was to stop doing these things in a house of prayer, where they  were out of character and inappropriate. He never drove a “moneychanger” from a  marketplace or from a bank. No one should go to a funeral with an accordion and  strike up a rendition of “Happy Days Are Here Again.” Likewise, no one should  abuse the purpose or the occasion of worship in God’s house either. 
What about  the reference in the book of Acts to the early Christians selling their worldly  goods and sharing communally in the proceeds? That sounds like a progressive  utopia. On closer inspection, however, it turns out that those early Christians did not sell everything they had and were not commanded or expected to do so.  They continued to meet in their own private homes, for example. In his  contributing chapter to the 2014 book For the Least of These: A Biblical Answer  to Poverty, Art Lindsley of the Institute for Faith, Work, and Economics writes, 
“Again, in this passage from Acts, there is no mention of the state at all.  These early believers contributed their goods freely, without coercion,  voluntarily. Elsewhere in Scripture we see that Christians are even instructed  to give in just this manner, freely, for “God loves a cheerful giver” (2  Corinthians 9:7). There is plenty of indication that private property rights were still in effect. 5”
5. Anne Bradley and Art Lindsley, eds., For the Least of  These: A Biblical Answer to Poverty. 
It may disappoint progressives to learn  that Jesus’s words and deeds repeatedly upheld such critically important, capitalist virtues as contract, profit, and private property. For example, consider his parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14–30). Of several men in the  story, the one who takes his money and buries it is reprimanded while the one  who invests and generates the largest return is applauded and rewarded. 
Though  not central to the story, good lessons in supply and demand, as well as the  sanctity of contract, are apparent in Jesus’s parable of the workers in the  vineyard (Matthew 20:1–16). A landowner offers a wage to attract workers for a  day of urgent work picking grapes. Near the end of the day, he realizes he has  to quickly hire more and to get them, he offers for an hour of work what he  previously had offered to pay the first workers for the whole day. When one of  those who worked all day complained, the landowner answered, “I am not being  unfair to you, friend. Didn’t you agree to work for a denarius? Take your pay  and go. I want to give the one who was hired last the same as I gave you. Don’t  I have the right to do what I want with my own money? Or are you envious because  I am generous?” 
The well-known “Golden Rule” comes from the lips of Jesus himself, in Matthew 7:12. “So in everything, do to others what you would have  them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets.” In Matthew 19:19,  Jesus says, “love your neighbor as yourself.” Nowhere does he even remotely  suggest that we should dislike a neighbor because of his wealth or seek to take  that wealth from him. If you don’t want your property confiscated (and most  people don’t), then clearly you’re not supposed to confiscate somebody else’s.
 Christian doctrine cautions against greed. So does present day economist Thomas  Sowell: “I have never understood why it is ‘greed’ to want to keep the money you have earned but not greed to want to take somebody else’s money.” Using the  power of government to grab another person’s property isn’t exactly altruistic.  Jesus never even implied that accumulating wealth through peaceful commerce was  in any way wrong; he simply implored people to not allow wealth to rule them  or corrupt their character. That’s why his greatest apostle, Paul, didn’t say  money was evil in the famous reference in 1 Timothy 6:10. Here’s what Paul  actually said: “For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. Some  people, eager for money, have wandered from the faith and pierced themselves  with many griefs” (emphasis added). Indeed, progressives themselves have not  selflessly abandoned money, for it is other people’s money, especially that of  “the rich,” that they’re always clamoring for. 
In Matthew 19:23, Jesus says,  “Truly I tell you, it will be hard for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom  of heaven.” A redistributionist might say, “Eureka! There it is! He doesn’t like rich people” and then stretch the remark beyond recognition to justify one  rob-Peter-to-pay-Paul scheme after another. But this admonition is entirely  consistent with everything else Jesus says. It’s not a call to envy the rich, to  take from the rich, or to give “free” cell phones to the poor. It’s a call to  character. It’s an observation that some people let their wealth rule them,  rather than the other way around. It’s a warning about temptations (which come  in many forms, not just material wealth). Haven’t we all noticed that among the  rich, as is equally true among the poor, you have both good and bad people?  Haven’t we all seen some rich celebrities corrupted by their fame and fortune,  while others among the rich live perfectly upstanding lives? Haven’t we all seen  some poor people who allow their poverty to demoralize and enervate them, while  others among the poor view it as an incentive to improve themselves and their  communities? 
When the first version of this essay appeared in January 2015, several “progressive” friends raised Romans 13:1–7 as evidence contrary to my  thesis. (Similar sentiments are expressed in 1 Peter 2:13–20 and Titus 3:1–3.)  In the Romans 13 passage, the apostle Paul urges submission to the governing  authorities and warns against rebellion. He also says if you owe taxes, pay your  taxes. So a socialist or “progressive” of today might say this blesses all sorts of things including redistribution, a welfare state, or whatever the state  wants to do either for you or to you. This is quite a leap. 
Here, as in all  other parts of the Bible, context is important. Paul was speaking to early  Christians in an environment seething with anti-Roman feeling. He undoubtedly  did not want the growth of Christianity to be sidetracked by violence or other  provocations against the Romans that would be brutally repressed. He was  attempting to set the people’s sights on what he regarded as higher things of  greater immediate importance. 
But it’s a larger error to extrapolate what Paul  said to justify one particular view of the role of government, namely a  “progressive” or “socialist” one. Suppose the “governing authorities” run a minimal state with Constitutional strictures and guarantees of personal  liberties and private property. Suppose, furthermore, that the rules of that  arrangement clearly advise the governed, “We protect you from aggressions  against your rights and property but we don’t otherwise give you free stuff.  You’re entitled to your liberties; to engage in private, voluntary charity and  commerce, to deal with each other peacefully; to live as you choose so long as you each do no harm to another. But we in government will not rob Peter to pay  Paul.” There is nothing in Romans 13:1–7 that says these “governing authorities”  are owed any less respect than if they were welfare-state redistributionists. 
So  clearly, the verses of Romans 13:1–7 assert the legitimacy of government per se  but do not ordain what today’s “progressives” and socialists demand. The Bible,  in fact, is full of stories about people who bravely and righteously resisted  the overreach of governments. Does anyone really believe that if Jesus had been preaching just before the exodus of the Jews from Egypt, he would have  declared, “Pharaoh demands that you stay, so unpack those bags and get back to  work?” 
Norman Horn, founder of LibertarianChristians.com, notes that both the  Old and New Testaments provide numerous instances of laudatory disobedience to  the state: 
“Hebrews defying Pharaoh’s decrees to murder their infants (Exodus 1);  Rahab lying to the King of Jericho about the Hebrew spies (Joshua 2); Ehud  deceiving the king’s ministers and assassinating the king (Judges 3); Daniel,  Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refusing to comply with the king’s decrees, and  miraculously saved twice for doing so (Daniel 3 and 6); the Magi from the East  disobeying Herod’s direct orders (Matthew 2); and Peter and John choosing to  obey God rather than men (Acts 5).” 6 
At the risk of belaboring the point, I share  these insightful comments from a conversation with my colleague Jeffrey Tucker of the Foundation for Economic Education:
“Mary, Jesus, and Joseph fled  Bethlehem rather than submit to Herod’s order to kill all infants. If Romans 13  meant that everyone must submit always, Jesus would have been murdered in the  weeks after his birth.… Resistance, of course, can be moral. Christianity has  inspired resistance to the state throughout history and in modern times, from  the American Revolution to the civil rights protests to the Polish resistance  against communism. Jesus set the example: he avoided government when he could,  resisted in prudent ways when possible, and ultimately complied when he had to.”
The empirical evidence today is overwhelming that, as Montesquieu observed two  centuries ago, “Countries are well cultivated, not as they are fertile, but as  they are free.”7 Nations possessing the most economic freedom (and the smallest governments) have higher rates of long-term economic growth and are more  prosperous than those that engage in socialistic and redistributive practices.  The countries with the lowest levels of economic freedom also have the lowest  standards of living. Free countries and their people are the greatest charitable givers, whereas on net balance, socialist ones are decisively on the receiving  end. Why is this relevant? Because you can’t redistribute anything to anybody if  it’s not created by somebody
6. Norman Horn, “New Testament Theology of the  State, Part 2,” LibertarianChristians.com, Nov. 28, 2008, http://bit.ly/1ILrguc 
 7. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748). 
in the first place, and the  evidence strongly suggests that the only lasting thing that socialist and  redistributive arrangements do for poor people is give them lots of company. 
In  Jesus’s teachings and in many other parts of the New Testament,  Christians—indeed, all people—are advised to be of “generous spirit,” to care  for one’s family, to help the poor, to assist widows and orphans, to exhibit  kindness and to maintain the highest character. How all that gets translated  into the dirty business of coercive, vote-buying, politically driven  redistribution schemes is a problem for prevaricators with agendas. It’s not a  problem for scholars of what the Bible actually says and doesn’t say. 
Search  your conscience. Consider the evidence. Be mindful of facts. Ask yourself: When  it comes to helping the poor, would Jesus prefer that you give your money freely to the Salvation Army or at gunpoint to the welfare department? 
Jesus was no  dummy. He was not interested in the public professions of charitableness in  which the legalistic and hypocritical Pharisees were fond of engaging. He  dismissed their self-serving, cheap talk. He knew it was often insincere, rarely indicative of how they conducted their personal affairs, and always a dead end  with plenty of snares and delusions along the way. It would hardly make sense  for him to champion the poor by supporting policies that undermine the process  of wealth creation necessary to help them. In the final analysis, he would never  endorse a scheme that doesn’t work and is rooted in envy or theft. In spite of  the attempts of many modern-day progressives to make him into a welfare-state  redistributionist, Jesus was nothing of the sort.